Neuroinflammation caused by local deposits of Aβ₄₂ in the brain is key for the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer’s disease. However, inflammation in the brain is not always a response to local primary insults. Gut microbiota dysbiosis, which is recently emerging as a risk factor for psychiatric disorders, can also initiate a brain inflammatory response. It still remains unclear however, whether enteric dysbiosis also contributes to Alzheimer’s disease. Here we show that in a Drosophila Alzheimer’s disease model, enterobacteria infection exacerbated progression of Alzheimer’s disease by promoting immune hemocyte recruitment to the brain, thereby provoking TNF-JNK mediated neurodegeneration. Genetic depletion of hemocytes attenuates neuroinflammation and alleviated neurodegeneration. We further found that enteric infection increases the motility of the hemocytes, making them more readily attracted to the brain with an elevated oxidative stress status. This work highlights the importance of gut–brain crosstalk as a fundamental regulatory system in modulating Alzheimer’s disease neurodegeneration.