Abstract l-lactate formation occurs via the reduction of pyruvate catalyzed by lactate
dehydrogenase. l-lactate removal takes place via its oxidation into pyruvate, which may be
oxidized or converted into glucose. Pyruvate oxidation involves the cooperative effort of
pyruvate dehydrogenase, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the mitochondrial respiratory
chain. Enzymes of the gluconeogenesis pathway sequentially convert pyruvate into glucose.
In addition, pyruvate may undergo reversible transamination to alanine by alanine …